Male Reproductive System - Genital Organs and Functions

The Reproductive system in male, which includes the number of primary and accessory sex organs for the production of sperm is called as the Male Reproductive System. The sperm helps in the process of fertilization.

The major classification of the Male Reproductive system includes

• External genital organs
• Internal genital organs  

External genital organs

The male genital organs which are found on the outer surface of the body are called as the external genital organs. It includes,

• The penis
• The Urethra
• The scrotum

                                                                                                                                            Penis 

The penis is a single tube-like structure which extends between the scrotum and the urethra. The penis has been classified into three regions namely,

• Root
• Body
• Glans

The penis includes only the urethra. The root is connected to the upper region of the scrotum. The body of the penis is made of a special soft tissue, which enlarges at erection when blood passes through it. The glans is the tip region of the penis which includes the urethral opening.

Urethra

The urethra is the tube which extends from the urinary bladder and end at the tip of the glans. The main role of the urethra is,

• carry out the urine
• ejection of semen

Scrotum

The scrotum is the small pouch-like organ which lies below the penis and the upper region of both thighs. The major role of the scrotum is to hold the testes in them.

Internal genital organs

The male reproductive organs found inside the human body are called as the internal genital organs. It involves,

• The testes
• The epididymis
• The vasdeferens

Testes

In the male reproductive system, the testes are two in number. The tests are slightly oval in shape. It lies inside the scrotum. The main function of testes includes the production of,

• Sperm and,
• Male hormones.

Epididymis

It is a small tube-like structure. The sperms produced in the tests are stored in the epididymis. 

Vas deferens

This is a tube which takes the sperms stored in the epididymis and carries them to the seminal vesicle tube and forms a small duct called the ejaculatory duct which opens into the urethra.

The Male sex glands

The male sex glands are the accessory sex glands which secrets the semen. These semen gets mixed with the sperms and are ejected out during ejaculation. The three accessory glands are,

• The seminal vesicles
• The prostate gland
• The bulbourethral glands

The prostate gland is chestnut in shape and found below the urinary bladder.

Blood in Urine (Hematuria) Causes, Diagnosis and Treatment

If a person's urine appears with blood, then it is known as Hematuria. This makes the urine to appear slightly too dark reddish in color.

 Hematuria is mainly  differentiated into two major  types,

•  Gross Hematuria 
•  Microscopic Hematuria 

Fig: Hematuria Urine Samples

1. Gross Hematuria

If the Urine is visible as red, then it is known as Gross Hematuria. The other name of Gross Hematuria is Macro Hematuria. The Gross Hematuria can be easily diagnosed in the urine by the presence of blood.

2. Microscopic Hematuria

If a person's Urine is not visible as red, but blood in urine can be detected through Microscope is known as Microscopic Hematuria.

Fig: Hematuria and its types

Reasons for the cause of Hematuria

There are various causes for the occurrence of Hematuria. Some of them are:

• Infection or stones in the Urinary tract
• Side effects of certain Medications
• Kidney disorders such as infections or stones                

Diagnosis of Hematuria

Hematuria can be diagnosed by the following methods of medical examinations such as:

• Abdominal X-ray: An abdominal X-ray detection for the diagnosis of kidney and urinary bladder.
• MRI scans: This method is used for the examination of the prostate and seminal vesicles and the functions.
• CT or MR Urography: This method is mainly used for the diagnosis of urinary bladder and urinary tract and then the kidney.
• IVP: IVP stands for Intravenous Pyelogram to detect the bladder and the rate of function in urine ejection.
• Blockage detection of Ultrasound method: This Ultrasound detection method helps to detect the blockages in the bladder.

Treatment for Hematuria

As the Hematuria cannot be completely cured, certain medicines can be taken to stop the flow of blood in the urine and the pain of the urinary tract. But if there occur any stones in the bladder or kidney then it can be treated by the following methods:

• Chemotherapy.
• Radiation therapy.

Human Facial Muscles that are Responsible for Different Expressions

This article will be useful for Drawing artists, Actors and for Medical Students. The Muscles that give rise to different expressions have been detailed here. First, let us remember certain common facial expressions like Fear, Anger, Happiness, and Sadness. Then we have to understand the muscles that are responsible for those expressions.

The total number of facial muscles is 18 (Anterior View). They all are shown in this picture given below. Zoom the picture in a new window and read the names of all muscles once before you continue reading the article.

All facial muscles can be brought into three categories for our understanding as 1) Muscles in Orbital 2) Muscles in Nasal and 3) Muscles in Oral. The muscles function with the support of nerves. The job of these muscles is only to pull the fleshy face here and there as per the emotions experienced by the person. So it is very easy to understand, right? Now let us see what are the muscles participate in common emotions like Fear, Anger, Laugh, and Cry.

Great Artist 'Andrew Loomis' in his book 'Drawing the Head and Hands' described the relationship between the emotional expressions and facial muscles well for the people who are interested in drawing and painting.

Fear:

Fear is an emotion which separates people away from their desires. Fear is a personal enemy which never allows anyone to realize the love in a relationship. Okay, let us take a look at the involvement of muscles during fear. Frontalis plays a major role in Fear. Platysma, the muscle in the neck also reacts to fear by pulling the flesh downwards.

Anger:

Anger without divinity brings only destruction. Anger brings destruction to the person who creates it and also to the people who surrounds him. It spoils the creativity of the mind. During anger Dilator naris (two wings of the Nose) will be expanded, Corrugator and Depressor anguli oris will be pulled down. Depressor septi also plays a minor role in creating an expression of anger.

Happiness:

Happiness is an emotion which creates unity. The laugh is an expression which fulfills our desires. Mainly three muscles are responsible for smiling or laughing. They are 1) Zygomaticus major 2) Depressor anguli oris 3) Orbicularis Oris and Orbicularis oculi. All these muscles will be pulled up and create a beautiful smile or laugh.

Sadness:

The healthy side of the sad people is that they absorb more and fully whatever they perceive. But happy people miss to absorb and learn the world. Happy people enjoy the experience. Sad people absorb and study the experience. The facial muscle that shows major participation in sadness is levator labii superioris, depressor anguli oris, and levator anguli oris.

Spend few moments and study the names and locations of all muscles. Then go in front of the mirror and study your own facial expressions. You yourself find the muscles responsible for all the emotions like frown, joy, surprise, anger, fear etc. Spend more and more time until you get the clear picture of it and so that you can draw any Human beings with any expression effortlessly.

The true fact is that only by adjusting the facial muscles properly no one can bring the exact expressions what they desire to bring. The proper expressions can be created only by mindfulness. The trick for an actor to act perfectly is 'Mindfulness'.